What are absolute and relative heights?

Absolute altitude is the height of a geographic feature relative to sea level.

Relative height is the elevation of one point on the earth's surface over another.

Where do mountains form?

Mountains form at the junction of two lithospheric plates, where rock layers are crumpled into folds.

Find the Andes mountains on the map and determine their extent from north to south.

The length of the Andes is 9000 km.

What is the height of Chomolungma? Find the Caucasus Mountains on the map and name the height of Elbrus.

The height of Chomolungma is 8848 m. The height of Elbrus is 5642 m.

What external processes operate on the land surface?

The processes of physical, chemical and biological weathering operate on the land surface.

Questions and tasks

1. What is the difference between mountains and plains?

Mountains and plains are distinguished by absolute heights and fluctuations in heights. The mountains are characterized by high absolute heights and their sharp changes, i.e. mountain ranges alternate with intermontane depressions. The plains are characterized by a relatively flat surface with low absolute heights.

2. How do mountains differ in height? Give examples of mountains of different heights.

According to the absolute height, the mountains are divided into three groups: low - below 1000 m (Middle Urals), medium - from 1000 to 2000 m (Carpathians) and high - above 2000 m (Himalayas).

3. How do the plains differ in height? Give examples of plains of different heights.

Plains with a height from 0 to 200 m above sea level are called lowlands (Caspian lowland, Amazonian lowland), from 200 to 500 m (East European Plain) - hills, and above 500 m - plateaus (Central Siberian Plateau).

4. How do mountains change over time?

Vertical movements of the earth's crust lift the ridges up, and external processes tend to destroy them. The mountains are gradually decreasing, the slopes are becoming more gentle, the river valleys are expanding. High mountains turn first into low ones, then into a plain.

5. Using the physical maps of the world and Russia in the atlas, find, show and name the lowlands, hills and plateaus located on the continent of Eurasia and on the territory of our country. Determine the highest altitude typical for the Central Siberian Plateau on the scale of heights.

Lowlands of Eurasia - Caspian, Black Sea, Pechora, West Siberian, Turan, Indo-Ganges.

Uplands - Valdai, Central Russian, Volyn-Podolsk, Privolzhskaya, Smolensk-Moscow.

Plateau - Central Siberian, Dean.

The highest point of the Central Siberian Plateau is Mount Kamen - 1800 m.

6. On the physical map of Russia, determine which mountains surround the East European Plain. Which ones are high and which are medium and low?

In the northwestern part, it is limited by the mountains of Scandinavia, in the southwestern part - the Sudetenland and other mountains of central Europe, in the southeastern part - the Caucasus, and in the east - the Urals. Caucasus - high mountains. The Sudetes are low mountains. The Urals are medium mountains.

7. Using the physical map of the hemispheres, determine which continent is the most mountainous and which is the most flat?

Eurasia is the most mountainous continent. Australia is the most flat continent.

What low mountains exist? Name and height! Up to 1000 m and got the best answer

Answer from Amazon [guru]



The low-mountainous regions of Kazakhstan include Saryarka (500-600m), Mugodzhary (the highest place is Bolshoy Boktybai 657m). and Mangystau mountains. The highest point of the Mangystau mountains in the Karatau ridge is Besshoky (556 m).

Answer from Marina[newbie]
LOW MOUNTAIN RELIEF TYPE, Low mountains - the relief of low (up to 1000 m) mountains, characterized by predominantly soft outlines and usually distributed along the periphery of mountainous countries.
Mountain ranges of the Northwestern Caucasus, the Middle Urals and the Khibiny.
Więtokrzyskie Mountains: the oldest and lowest - the highest mountain Lysica rises only 612 m above sea level


Answer from Polina Bespalova[newbie]
LOW MOUNTAIN RELIEF TYPE, Low mountains - the relief of low (up to 1000 m) mountains, characterized by predominantly soft outlines and usually distributed along the periphery of mountainous countries.
Mountain ranges of the Northwestern Caucasus, the Middle Urals and the Khibiny.
Więtokrzyskie Mountains: the oldest and lowest - the highest mountain Lysica rises only 612 m above sea level
The low-mountainous regions of Kazakhstan include Saryarka (500-600m), Mugodzhary (the highest place is Bolshoy Boktybai 657m). and Mangystau mountains. The highest point of the Mangystau mountains in the Karatau ridge is Besshoky (556 m).


Answer from 3 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: What low mountains are there? Name and height! Up to 1000 m.

Mountains are different: old and young, rocky and flat, dome-like and peak-like. Some of them are covered with dense forests, others - lifeless stone deposits. But in this article we will talk about their height. Which mountains are medium and which are considered high?

Mountain as a landform

First of all, it is worth answering the question of whether it is a positive form of relief, characterized by a sharp and isolated uplift of the terrain. In any grief, three main elements are clearly visible:

  • vertex;
  • foot;
  • slope.

Any mountain system of the planet is nothing more than a complex system of valleys (depressions) and ridges, consisting of dozens of individual peaks. All of them are external manifestations of the internal (endogenous) forces of the Earth - tectonic movements of the earth's crust and volcanism.

Mountains create beautiful and inimitable landscapes on the surface of our planet. They are distinguished by a peculiar soil cover, unique flora and fauna. But people are extremely reluctant to settle in the mountains. According to statistics, about 50% of the world's population lives at altitudes not exceeding 200 meters above sea level.

Mountain classification in geomorphology. The mountains are medium, low and high

In geomorphological science, mountains are usually classified according to a number of characteristics: by age, height, geographical location, genesis, shape of peaks, etc.

By their origin, they can be tectonic, denudation or volcanic, by age - old or young. Moreover, the young is the mountain system, the formation time of which does not exceed 50 million years. By geological standards, this is a very small age.

According to the shape of their peaks, mountains are:

  • lance-shaped;
  • domed;
  • plateau-like ("dining").

Geographers distinguish mountains by altitude above sea level:

  • low;
  • medium;
  • high.

Sometimes in the literature you can find intermediate altitude types, for example, medium-high or medium-low mountains. It should be noted right away that the mountains of medium height can be found in any part of the world. However, most of them are in Europe and Asia.

Middle mountains: examples and elevation

8848 meters - the highest peak in the world - Chomolungma, or Everest reaches this mark. The absolute height of the middle mountains is much more modest: from 1 to 3 km above sea level.

The most famous examples of such mountain systems are the Carpathians, Appalachians, Tatras, Apennines, Pyrenees, Scandinavian and Drakensberg mountains, Australian Alps, Stara Planina. There are medium mountains and within Russia. These are the Ural Mountains, Eastern Sayan, Sikhote-Alin (pictured below) and others.

An important feature of the middle mountains is the presence of altitudinal zonation. That is, vegetation and landscapes here change with height.

Carpathians

The Carpathians are the largest mountain system in Europe, covering eight countries. Linguists, explaining the origin of its name, came to the conclusion that this toponym has Proto-Indo-European roots and is translated as “stone”, “rock”.

The Carpathians stretched in an arc of one and a half thousand kilometers, from the Czech Republic to Serbia. And the highest point of this mountain system is located on the territory of Slovakia (Mount Gerlachovski Shtit, 2654 m). An interesting fact: between the Alps and the extreme eastern spurs of the Carpathians - only 15 kilometers.

The Carpathians are young mountains. They formed in the Cenozoic. However, their outlines are smooth, gently sloping, which is more inherent in old geological structures. This can be explained by the fact that the Carpathians are predominantly composed of soft rocks (chalk, limestone and clay).

The mountain system is divided into three conventional parts: Western, Eastern (or Ukrainian) and Southern Carpathians. It also includes the Transylvanian Plateau. are characterized by a fairly high seismicity. The so-called Vrancea zone is located here, which "produces" earthquakes of 7-8 points.

Appalachian

Geomorphologists often refer to the Appalachians as the identical twin of the Carpathians. In appearance, they differ little from each other. The Appalachian Mountains are located in the eastern part of North America, within two states (USA and Canada). They stretch from to the Gulf of Mexico in the south. The total length of the mountain system is about 2500 kilometers.

If the European Carpathians are young mountains, then the American Appalachians are a product of the earlier Hercynian and Caledonian folds. They formed about 200-400 million years ago.

The Appalachians are rich in various mineral resources. Coal, asbestos, oil, iron ore are mined here. In this regard, this mountainous region is also very often referred to as the historical "industrial belt" of the United States.

Australian alps

It turns out that the Alps are not only in Europe. Inhabitants of the smallest and driest continent can also go hiking in the real Alps. But only in Australian!

This mountain system is located in the southern part of the continent. It is here that the highest point of all Australia is located - Mount Kostsyushko (2228 m). And on the slopes of these mountains originates the longest river of the mainland - the Murray.

The Australian Alps are stunningly diverse in landscape terms. In these mountains you can find snow-capped peaks, deep green valleys, and lakes with clear water. The slopes of the mountains are decorated with rocks, bizarre in their appearance. The Australian Alps are home to several scenic national parks and excellent ski resorts.

Finally

Now you know which mountains are medium and which are high. Geomorphologists distinguish three types of mountain systems in height. The average mountains are between 1000 and 3000 meters above sea level. Carpathians, Appalachians, Australian Alps - these are the most striking examples of such mountain systems in the world.

Mountains differ in height, shape, age, origin, geographic location, etc. The article describes the listed types of mountains.

Mountains in height

Low mountains

Low mountains or low mountains - the height of the mountains is up to 800 meters above sea level.

Features:

  • The tops of the mountains are rounded, flat,
  • The slopes are gentle, not steep, overgrown with forest,
  • The presence of river valleys between the mountains is characteristic.

Examples: Northern Urals, the Tien Shan spurs, some ranges of the Transcaucasus, the Khibiny on the Kola Peninsula, some mountains in Central Europe.

Middle mountains

Mid-mountains (medium or medium-altitude mountains) - the height of these mountains is from 800 to 3000 meters above sea level.

Medium-altitude mountains are characterized by high-altitude zonation, i.e. change of landscape with a change in height.

Examples of middle mountains: Mountains of the Middle Urals, Polar Urals, mountains of the Novaya Zemlya island, mountains of Siberia and the Far East, mountains of the Apennine and Iberian peninsulas, Scandinavian mountains in northern Europe, Appalachians in North America, etc.

Highlands

Highlands (high mountains) - the height of these mountains is more than 3000 meters above sea level. These are young mountains, the relief of which is intensively formed under the influence of external and internal processes.

Features:

  • The slopes of the mountains are steep, high,
  • The peaks of the mountains are sharp, peaked, have a specific name - "carling",
  • The ridges of the mountains are narrow, jagged,
  • High-altitude zonation is characteristic, from forests at the foot of the mountains to icy deserts at the tops.

Examples: Pamir, Tien Shan, Caucasus, Himalayas, Cordillera, Andes, Alps, Karakorum, Rocky mountains, etc.

Mountains in shape

By the nature of the summit ends, the mountains are: peaked, domed, plateau-like, etc.

Peaked mountain peaks

Peaky mountain peaks are peaked mountain peaks, shaped like peaks, which is where the name of this type of mountain peaks came from. They are inherent mainly in young mountains with steep rocky slopes, sharp ridges and deep crevices of river valleys.

Examples of mountains with peaked peaks:

  • Communism Peak (mountain system - Pamir, height 7495 meters)
  • Pobeda Peak (Tien Shan mountain system, height 7439 meters)
  • Mount Kazbek (mountain system - Pamir, height 7134 meters)
  • Pushkin Peak (mountain system - Caucasus, height 5100 meters)

Domed mountain peaks

Dome-shaped, that is, rounded, the shape of the top can take:

  • Laccoliths - unformed volcanoes in the form of a hill with a core of magma inside,
  • Extinct ancient heavily destroyed volcanoes,
  • Small areas of land that have undergone tectonic uplift of a domed nature and, under the influence of erosion processes, have taken on a mountainous image.

Examples of mountains with a domed top:

  • Black Hills (USA). This area has undergone a domed uplift, and most of the sedimentary cover has been removed by further denudation and erosion. The central core was exposed as a result. It consists of metamorphic and igneous rocks.
  • Ai-Nikola (Ukrainian Ai-Nikola, Crimean Cat. Ay Nikola, Ai Nikola) is a domed mountain-rejected, southeastern spur of Mount Mogabi near the western outskirts of the village of Oreanda. It is composed of Upper Jurassic limestones. Height - 389 meters above sea level.
  • Kastel (Ukrainian Kastel, Crimean Cat. Qastel, Kastel) is a mountain 439 m high on the southern outskirts of Alushta, behind the Professor's Corner. The dome of the mountain is covered with a forest cap, and chaos has formed on the eastern slope - stone blocks, sometimes reaching 3-5 m in diameter.
  • Ayu-Dag or Medved-Gora (Ukrainian Ayu-Dag, Crimean Cat. Ayuv Dağ, Ayuv Dag) is a mountain on the southern coast of Crimea, located on the border of Big Alushta and Big Yalta. The height of the mountain is 577 meters above sea level. This is a classic example of laccolith.
  • Kara-Dag (Ukrainian Kara-Dag, Crimean Cat. Qara dağ, Qara dag) is a mountain-volcanic massif, Crimea. The maximum height is 577 m (Holy Mountain). It is a highly eroded volcanic form with a domed summit.
  • Mashuk is a remnant magmatic mountain (mountain-laccolith) in the central part of Pyatigorye on the Caucasian Mineral Waters, in the northeastern part of the city of Pyatigorsk. Height 993.7 m. The summit has a regular domed shape.

Plateau-like mountain peaks

Peaks of mountains that are flat are called plateau-like.

  • Front ridge (eng. Front range) Is a mountain range in the southern part of the Rocky Mountains in the United States, adjacent to the Great Plains in the west. The ridge stretches from south to north for 274 km. The highest point is Mount Grace Peak (4349 m). The ridge is composed mainly of granites. The peaks are plateau-like, the eastern slopes are gentle, the western ones are steep.
  • Khibiny (kild. Umptek) Is the largest mountain range on the Kola Peninsula. The geological age is about 350 million years. The peaks are plateau-like, the slopes are steep with individual snowfields. At the same time, not a single glacier was found in the Khibiny. The highest point is Mount Yudychvumchorr (1200.6 m above sea level).
  • Amby (translated from Amharic - Mountain Fortress) is the name of flat-topped hills and mesas in Ethiopia. They consist predominantly of horizontally lying sandstones and basalt layers. This determines the flat-topped shape of the mountains. Ambas are located at an altitude of 4,500 m.

Mountains by age

By age, the mountains are divided into:

  • Young mountains,
  • Old (ancient) mountains.

Young mountains have formed over the past 50 million years. In these mountain systems, internal processes are very actively developing, accompanied by the formation of mountains, earthquakes, and sometimes even volcanic activity. The youngest mountains on Earth are the mountains belonging to the continental and island ring of the Pacific Ocean. The youngest mountains in Russia are the Caucasus Mountains. Here is the highest mountain in Russia - Elbrus (5642 m). (In the picture on the left: Himalayas - young mountains, geological age approx. 38 million years)

Features of young mountains:

  • the growth process of young mountains is still ongoing,
  • the relief is sharp, strongly dissected,
  • the tops of the ridges are sharp,
  • the slopes of the mountains are steep and high,
  • high absolute heights,
  • significant amplitude of heights,
  • valleys of numerous rivers are presented in the form of gorges, gorges,
  • the development of glaciers is characteristic of young mountains.

Examples of young mountains are:

  • Alps,
  • Caucasus mountains,
  • Carpathians,
  • Kopet-Dag,
  • Pamir,
  • Mountains of Kamchatka.

Old (ancient) mountains are several hundred million years old. They differ in that the internal processes in them have long died down, and the external ones affecting the destruction of the mountains are still active. This will continue until the relief is completely equalized. On many modern plains there are areas where, by all indications, there were once ancient mountains. Only the roots, covered with a thick layer of sedimentary rocks, remained in the depths of these mountains.

Features of old (ancient) mountains:

  • have undergone severe destruction,
  • have less contrasting relief,
  • elevation differences are small,
  • gentle slopes,
  • the river valleys are well developed.

Examples of old (ancient) mountains are:

  • Ural mountains,
  • Timan,
  • Yenisei ridge,
  • Khibiny (Kola Peninsula, geological age of about 350 million years).

By origin

Tectonic mountains are formed as a result of the collision of moving parts of the earth's crust - lithospheric plates. This collision causes folds to form on the ground. This is how folded mountains arise. When interacting with air, water and under the influence of glaciers, the layers of rocks that form folded mountains lose their plasticity, which leads to the formation of cracks and faults. Currently, folded mountains in their original form have been preserved only in certain parts of the young mountains - the Himalayas, formed during the era of Alpine folding.

With repeated movements of the earth's crust, the hardened folds of rock break into large blocks, which, under the influence of tectonic forces, rise or fall. This is how fold-block mountains appear. This type of mountains is typical for old (ancient) mountains. An example is the Altai mountains. The emergence of these mountains fell on the Baikal and Caledonian eras of mountain building, in the Hercynian and Mesozoic epochs they underwent repeated movements of the earth's crust. Finally, the type of folded-block mountains was adopted during the Alpine folding.

Volcanic mountains are formed by volcanic eruptions. They are usually located along the fault lines of the earth's crust or at the boundaries of lithospheric plates.

Volcanic mountains are of two types:

Volcanic cones. These mountains acquired a conical appearance as a result of the eruption of magma through long cylindrical vents. This type of mountain is widespread throughout the world. These are Fujiyama in Japan, Mayon mountains in the Philippines, Popocatepetl in Mexico, Misty in Peru, Shasta in California, etc.
Shield volcanoes. Formed by repeated outpouring of lava. They differ from volcanic cones in their asymmetrical shape and small size.

In areas of the world where active volcanic activity occurs, whole chains of volcanoes can form. The most famous is the Hawaiian island chain of volcanic origin, more than 1600 km long. These islands are the tops of underwater volcanoes, the height of which is more than 5500 meters from the surface of the ocean floor.

Erosional (denudation) mountains

The erosional mountains have arisen as a result of the intense dissection of stratal plains, plateaus and plateaus by flowing waters. Most mountains of this type are characterized by a table form and the presence of valleys between them of a box-like and sometimes canyon-like type. The latter type of valleys occurs most often when a lava plateau is dissected.

Examples of erosional (denudation) mountains are the mountains of the Central Siberian Plateau (Vilyui, Tunguska, Ilimsk, etc.). Most often, erosional mountains can be found not in the form of separate mountain systems, but within mountain ranges, where they are formed by the dissection of rock layers by mountain rivers.

By geographic location

On this basis, it is customary to group mountains into mountain systems, ridges, mountain ranges and single mountains.

Mountain belts are the largest formations. There are the Alpine-Himalayan mountain belt, stretching through Europe and Asia, and the Andean-Cordillera mountain belt, passing through North and South America.

Mountainous country - many mountain ranges.

Mountain system - mountain ranges and groups of mountains, similar in origin and having the same age (for example, Appalachian Mountains)

Mountain ranges are mountains that are interconnected in a line. For example, the Sangre de Cristo Mountains (North America).

Mountain groups are also interconnected mountains, but not elongated in a line, but forming a group of indefinite shape. For example, Henry Mountains in Utah and Bear Poe in Montana.

Solitary mountains - mountains not associated with other mountains, often of volcanic origin. For example, Mount Hood in Oregon and Rainier in Washington.

How are mountains depicted on a physical map? Remember the mountains you saw or depicted in the picture and tell about them.

1. Mountains. The mountain is a convex relief form with a well-defined peak, bottom and slopes. These are vast areas of the earth's surface, high above sea level, characterized by sharp fluctuations in altitude (Fig. 41.)

Figure: 41. Khan-Tengri peak in the Tien Shan.

Separate mountains are very rare. Usually mountains, stretching out in succession, as if in a chain stretch up to tens, and sometimes hundreds of kilometers. Mountain elevations elongated over long distances with a well-defined axis in the form of a single line, along which the greatest heights are grouped, are called mountain ranges.
Mountain ranges are separated from each other by intermontane depressions - mountain valleys. Mountain ranges, grouping together, form a mountainous country.
At the same time, the area of \u200b\u200bintersection of two or more mountain ranges is called a mountain node. The mountain knot is usually located in very high and inaccessible places. For example, when crossing the Zailiysky Alatau and Kungey Alatau a mountain knot is formed in the Tien Shan Shelek-Keben.
The tallest mountains in the world (fig. 42). There is the highest point on the globe - the top Chomolungma (Everest) - 8848 m.


Figure: 42. Himalayas.

A prime example of mountainous terrain is Pamir. There are mountains to the north of the Pamirs Tien Shan ("Heavenly Mountains"). The highest point of the Tien Shan (Pobeda Peak) - 7439 m. Ural mountains, dividing Europe and Asia, although not very high (up to 1895 m), but their length reaches two and a half thousand kilometers.

2. Differences in height between mountains. By height, mountains are distinguished as low, medium, high. Low mountains are called mountains up to 1000 m. Saryarki in in the central part of Kazakhstan there are low mountains.
The middle mountains include mountains, the height of which reaches from 1000 to 2000 meters. For example, the mountains of Crimea and the Carpathians.
Mountains, the height of which is over 2000 m, are called high mountains. These mountains include Caucasus, Altai, Tien Shan, Zhungar Alatau and Tarbagatai.

The mountains are shown in brown on the physical map. The higher the mountains, the darker their color on the map. On the map, the height of the mountains can be determined by the height scale.
For example, using the elevation scale on the hemisphere map, you can determine that the height Himalaya mountains and Cordillera over 5000 m, and the absolute height Mugodzhary mountains in Kazakhstan 500-600 meters. The height of individual mountain peaks on the map is indicated by numbers. For example, the highest peak of the Tien Shan on Kazakh land is Khan Tengri peak (fig. 41) - 6995 m or the highest place mountains Sauyra - Muztau - 3816 m.

3. How to determine the geographical position of the mountains? First find the mountains on the map. Using a degree grid, approximately their geographical coordinates are determined. Further, the direction and length of the mountains are determined. At the same time, the location of mountains in relation to other objects, for example, lakes, rivers, cities, is established.

1. What are called mountains? What high mountains do you know?

2. What are mountain ranges?

3. What is the peculiarity of the mountainous area?

4. What mountains are distinguished?

5. On the map, determine which mountains in height belong to the Ural, Scandinavian, Alpine mountains?

6. What mountains are located in Eurasia approximately between the parallels 40 ° -45 ° N. sh. and meridians 70 ° -90 ° E. etc.?

7. Find the Cordillera mountains on the map and determine their prevailing heights.

8. Draw on a contour map the largest mountains on the globe.

9. Describe the mountains in your area.