Natural conditions and resources. The economic and geographical location of Great Britain - Abstract of the Great Britain in relation to other countries

eGP Japan

1. It is profitable, because there are no neighbors

2. Favorable, because is the leader among port states and through it there are many trade routes

3. Not profitable, poor minerals, has polymetal ores and copper ores, agricultural areas are not developed

4. Favorable EGP

5. Activated trade relations with other countries of the world. From the end of the XII century to 1867, the feudal state, existing on the Islands of Japan, was ruled by Sigun. The feudal rulers have introduced a ban on almost all contacts with foreigners, fearing their expansion and the spread of Christianity. Japan's closure prevented the country's colonization. However, the long period of its insulation led to the fact that until the XX century it was, as it were hidden from the eye of Europeans. Cruel insulation greatly affected the economic development of the country. At a time, when all of Europe, all seven steps moved towards scientific and technical progress, Japan was still at the agrarian stage of development. In the 20th century, Japan was a party to three large wars (the Russian-Japanese, 1st and 2nd world) in World War II spoken by an ally of fascist Germany and Italy. In 1945, in accordance with the secret Yaltian agreements of the winning countries, the Soviet Union, all smokers were switched as a military trophy. Since the Second World War, Japan has no peace treaty with Russia and presents the claims of Russia to the islands of Kuril Rud: Kunashir, Shikotan, Habomai. Almost after 50 years of belonging to the USSR and Russia, the socio-economic situation on the islands remains extremely heavy, the island remained not equipped. Based on the principles of justice, it is necessary to recognize that Japan has a moral and legal right to claim at least southern chickens. It is necessary to mainly maintain the emerging trend towards rapprochement, to solve the territorial issue and conclude peace with Japan, putting a point in World War II.

6. The extensive influence increased the production area

eGP Great Britain

1. Favorable

2. Favorable, there is an output to the Antlantic and Pacific Ocean

3. Equal, average number of minerals

4. Faunorable

6.Egg positively affects the production sphere

In the country, the leading role belongs to sea transport (86% of cargo turnover), it provides international and domestic communications. Car transport accounted for 75% of domestic transport (main highway London-Manchester-Glasgow), and on the rail-capacity-200%.

With the opening of the railway tunnel, the role of this transport in international transportation increased. High-speed trains overcome the distance between London and Paris for 3 hours.

River paths are used for recreational purposes, and the role of pipeline transport increases.

Since the country island, the role of air transport is great. In the country, 150 passenger airports that provide communication with 120 countries of the world. Transportation is carried out by the transnational company British Airview. The largest airports are located in London (Heathrow and Heathrow).

Since the United Kingdom is an island state, all its external transportation and trade are related to sea and air transport.

About 90% of the total cargo turnover falls on sea transport, including 25% for coastal.

The sea fleet of Great Britain is 9.6 million reg. Br.t. All regions of the country, except for Western Midland, are in one way or another are directly related to the marine ports that serve as the main transport hubs. The largest of them are London, Southampton, Liverpool, Gul and Harge. London and Liverpool ports skip about half of all goods (in charge).

In the past, more passengers arrived in the UK than the air.

However, since the early 60s of the 20th century, the number of air passengers began to grow rapidly and now it is several times higher than the number of people who come to the country.

eGP Britain. The position of Great Britain in relation to neighboring countries.

In total there are about 150 airports in the country through which it is connected by permanent airlines by more than 100 countries of the world.

Almost all transportation is carried out by British Erueiz. The five largest airports of the country are located in the area of \u200b\u200bLondon Heathrow and Gatwick, as well as Manchester, Luton and Glasgow - provide 75% of all the transport of passengers and airlors.

The continent of the United Kingdom is connected by two railway ferries (Duzr - Dunkirk and Harjan - Ostende), a canal under La Mansha and numerous marine car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland and France.

To attract passengers on the ferries duty-free trade.

In domestic freight traffic, road transport plays the greatest role. It is more than 3 times the railway and coaster is inferior. In connection with the development of vehicles, more than 12 thousand km of railway tracks were shot. Now the length of the railway tracks is about 17 thousand km. Simultaneously expands the network road roads (371 thousand km) and their reconstruction occurs.

At the same time, the focus is paid to the shortest ways to link the main conurb of the country.

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Characteristic of the United Kingdom

(England) 1 position in relation to neighboring countries 2 providing against the main land and sea transport routes 3 rules relative to the main fuel of raw materials, industrial and agricultural areas 4 positions in relation to the main areas of sales of products 5 Change EGP in temporary 6 total Conclusion The effect of EGP on the development and deployment of the country's economy

(England) 1 position in relation to neighboring countries 2 position in relation
to the main land and sea transport paths 3 position
attitude to the main fuel raw materials bases, industrial and
agricultural districts 4 position in relation to the main
Product Sales Areas 5 Change EGP in time 6 General conclusion
EGP influence on the development and placement of the country's farm

• 1) The United Kingdom borders only with Ireland.
  2) Island State is an important point of cargo transportation from Europe to America and Africa.

  Ground transport has significantly in domestic transport.
  3) Near Great Britain is one of the major fuel bases of Europe - the North Sea. The United Kingdom through a narrow strait of La Mans is adjacent to the largest harmonic countries of Europe - France and the Netherlands with Belgium.
  4) Europe, America, Asia and Africa serve as markets for the United Kingdom
  5) EGP has not changed significantly since the 80s of the 20th century (EU formation).
  6) Thanks to the successful geogro position (access to the Atlantic, next to Europe, direct communication with the United States) The United Kingdom is actively developing its economy and international trade.

  The largest economic centers of the United Kingdom are located on the coast, in large ports.

The easiest way to move in the center of London is the subway. You can purchase tickets for one or two trips, but if you often use the subway, then travel cards will be very convenient.

It can be a card for one day, for a week, or for a month, and they make it possible to use the metro, bus and train in the areas you chose an unlimited number of times.

Travel cards for one day can be purchased at the metro ticket office. They are valid for travel in the subway and buses at any time. They are not valid for travel in airport buses or for special excursions.

Direct cards for the week are valid for travel in the subway and buses at any time, but are not valid for travel in airport buses or for special excursions.

The cost varies from the number of selected zones.

How to get to the city center from Heathrow Airport

TAXI. Taxi Parking is located next to the access from the airport.

BUS. Airport buses (A1 to Victoria station and A2 to the station "Uston") travel the fare - about 6 pounds to the Central London. Tickets can be purchased in the airport building or bus.

Buses depart every 20 minutes.
UNDERGROUND. The Picadilly line comes from Heathrow to the center of London and connects the branched underground metro network.

But if you have a lot of baggage, the trip can be difficult. Trains are sent every 5 minutes, the trip takes 55 minutes.
HIGH-SPEED TRAIN.In the center of London, on the railway station Paddington, every 20 min. go speed \u200b\u200btrains, trip time 20 min.
TAXI "Black Cabs" is a characteristic feature of London streets, they are safe and their movement is streamlined.

Taxis can be stopped on the street when yellow light burns, meaning that a taxi is free. In many places, including the main train stations, there are taxi parking. Swiss and receptionist in hotels will order a taxi for you. Be careful not to accept offers drivers of cars that do not have special taxis signs.

Many of them do not have a legitimate work permit, a trip to such machines is unsafe, since they are not insured, and drivers often do not have the necessary experience.

Urban transport

London is one of the cities in the world where the transport has become a legend.

The first subway and famous two-storey buses make up the business card of the English capital. Of course, the faithful traditions of Londoners try to maintain their appearance with the smallest changes. True, London city transport has long been no longer exhausted by the subway and the red double-decker Double Decker buses.

Despite all English conservatism, new types of transport regularly appear in the British capital. The steam metro has long become electrified, the division of cars into classes, and the buses in London are not only two-story buses. Now the main transport load is still subway and buses. However, the history of London transport (the steam metro launched from the Omnibus and the steam metro in 1863) is so great and interesting is that the Urban Transport Museum has been created in the British capital.

Underground, Tube has twelve lines. All of them were created at different times and different owners and therefore still quite different from each other. Some trains go mostly under the ground, others on the surface.

Over time, many sections railways passed from the subway to trains far follow and vice versa. At first glance, the metro scheme, intertwined with the network of ordinary trains, leads to despair, especially after a slim system of the Moscow metro. However, it is quite easy to understand it. The lines are often branched to individual branches in one or another area of \u200b\u200bthe city, so you should always pay attention to the train destination.

In addition, trains of different kicks can walk along the same paths. On the main lines of the train go quite often, with an interval of no more than five minutes, it is half an hour on the outlook lines.

The position of the country in relation to neighboring countries. Economic and geographical location of countries

Tariff system london metro It seems difficult, but in reality it is not a big problem.
All large London is divided into six zones, which are concentric circles diverge from the center.

Any ticket must be valid in all zones by which the trip is going. Therefore, choosing the route of the trip, you need to ensure that the lackerel does not fall into the zone in which your ticket does not affect. In general, the London Metro usually allows you to get to the goal with several ways. Among them, you can choose the one that affects a smaller number of zones. Let's say if you need to drive from the second zone to the third to the opposite end of the city, you can easily drive around the first central zone and, thus, to shorten the cost of the trip.

The very expensive is the first zone, which includes the city center and the largest number of tourist attractions.
Unified Smart_ Carta (Oyster Card) - another way to pay for travel in the London metro, buses and trams. It is also valid on some rail routes and on the DLR lines (the railway of the facilitated type of Docks).

Oyster Card is a more economical payment system that allows multiple travel to the magnetic card, or use the "Pay As You Go" mode.

You can replenish the balance of the magnetic card at the London metro stations, at some railway stations, in specialized items selling these cards, by phone or on the website www.tfl.gov.uk.
Most recently, the tram is restored in London. About two-storey buses are known to everyone, but few people know that two-story trams went on London fifty years ago.

Now the London tram has three routes in the southern part of the city. Double cars in length of thirty meters serve the Kroydon area (CroydoN). Tram tickets are sold separately in automata at stops. If you need after traveling to the tram, transfer the bus or vice versa, you can buy a "tram-bus" ticket at the same price. Bus tickets in Tram do not work.
Another new (a little more than ten years) view of London transport - Docklands Light Railway (DLR).

He is obliged to collapse of London docks, deprived of orders after the modernization of sea freight traffic. Large container ships began to unload in deep-water coast ports, leaving a huge London area in the launch.

The program of returning to the life of the Dock region envisaged the emergence of high-speed transport, which was launched in the late eighties. The DLR train is a few trailers without a driver who can accommodate about 250 people. Currently, four lines are functioning.

They provide the connection of the former dock area with metro stations and railways, as well as the city center. The DLR tariff system is the same as in the subway, the metro tickets are valid for DLR and vice versa.
Tickets for transport can be bought in automata located at metro stations and stops terrestrial transport. In addition, bus tickets can be bought from the driver.

All children's tickets stop their operation at 22:00.
In general, London transport operates from four to five am to an hour. It is better not to ride during the "peak hours": 07: 30-09: 30 and 16: 30-18: 30. Night buses have an N index in front of their number, for example, N-23.

All of them pass through Trafalgar Square. On Sunday, transport starts to walk after seven in the morning and stops for midnight. Motion intervals on Sunday are approximately twice as much. For Christmas, many lines do not function at all.
Another part of the London transport system are river Courts, run between a plurality of marins on Thames.

They belong to several companies, and contain a total of twenty routes. The rate of tariffs on the Thames has its own.

The United Kingdom (United Kingdom) is an island state, most of which is located on two large islands separated by the waters of the Irish Sea. total area Great Britain is 244 017 square meters. km. The population of Great Britain - 58 395 thousand people.

Officially, the country is called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It consists of four countries: England, Scotland and Wales, located on the island of Britain, and Northern Ireland. The latter is located on one island with an independent Republic of Ireland. Thus, the common land border of the United Kingdom has only with Ireland.

British islands lie at the north-west coast of Europe. British islands are surrounded by a variety of small islands. In the south-west of the island of Britain, Silly Islands are located, and north of Wales island of Angles. On the western and northern coasts of Scotland there are numerous small islands that are part of the UK. The most important of them are the Orkney Shetland Islands.

From the west, the United Kingdom is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and from the east - the waters of the North Sea.

From the south, the United Kingdom borders with France - the nearest and most developed neighbor having common water borders with it. The smallest distance is northern coast France is the Strait of the DUVR, but the main message between states is carried out through the strait of La Mans, called the British "English Channel", along the bottom of which at the end of the twentieth century was laid a tunnel for high-speed rail. Prior to this, the message between the two countries was carried out by aqueous or air.

Also closest neighbors of the UK are Belgium and the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Norway are significantly further located.

Thus, EGP of Great Britain is both neighboring and seaside, which is extremely beneficial for the economic development of the country, although, undoubtedly, has certain cons in strategic and militarily.

The UK administrative card has changed repeatedly, because The accession of the countries constituting the United Kingdom lasted by centuries. Each independent state has its capital or an administrative center. The official capital of Great Britain is London, since the union of the lands occurred around England.

In the eighteenth - nineteenth centuries, United Kingdom, being in the first place in the world in terms of the development of the economy, created a colossal colonial power that occupied almost a quarter of the territory of the planet. The British colonies treated India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and considerable part of Africa. In the twentieth century, the British colonies became independent states, but many of them are included in the British Commonwealth, headed by the British monarch. In 1921, the southern part of Ireland separated from the UK and became an independent state.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is located on the British Islands. This is the most extensive archipelago in Europe. It includes two large islands - the United Kingdom and Ireland, separated by the Irish Sea, and another 5 thousand small islands, among which three groups of islands are highlighted in the north: hybrid, orknean and scottish. Territory of the country -244.1 thousand square meters. km, it's two times less than the largest states in Western Europe - France and Spain.

The United Kingdom has a complex administrative and territorial division. It consists of 4 historical and geographic areas: England (45 counts and a special administrative unit - Big London); Wales (8 counts); Northern Ireland (26 districts); Scotland (12 regions); Independent administrative units are the island of Man and the Norman Islands.

To a certain extent, the rapid economic development of Great Britain contributed to a profitable geographical position. This sea power, in the past "Great Sea Power", is located on the continental shelf. The British archipelago is separated by the shallow northern sea from the developed countries of Western and Northern Europe (Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Germany), narrow straits of La Mans (20 km) and Pa de Calais (33 km) from France. The railway tunnel lashed along the bottom of the strait combines the UK and France, he put an end to the country's marine isolation.

Great the role of the country in the international arena. United Kingdom - UN member since 1945, a permanent member of the Security Council, Safety and Cooperation Meetings in Europe (OSCE) since 1949, a member of the European Union since 1973, Western European Union since 1954, the head of the British Commonwealth created in 1931 G. and including 50 states, former British dominion and colonies that preserve close economic and political ties with the UK. The United Kingdom is a member of the NATO military-political organization since 1949 and has rocket-nuclear weapons. Plays a big role in international economic organizations as the Paris Club and the London Club, regulating the currency and financial problems of the West and defining the policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Natural conditions and resources. The natural resource factor has had a great influence on the formation of the territorial structure of the economy.

The United Kingdom has diverse form of relief: mountain relief prevails in the north and west, and the plain - in the east. Highest point Countries - Mount Ben-Nevis (1343 m) is located in Horist Scotland. The largest length of the Penninsky ridge, stretched from north to south. An extensive hilly plain is occupied by the southeast and the center of the country, and the most flat lowland - Fenland is surrounding the Usha Bay. In Scotland between the Northern and South Highlands, the Middle-Stone lowland is stretched.

UK climate is temperate, oceanic, very wet with soft winter and non-quiet summer. For the British Isles are characterized by frequent fogs and strong winds. The temperate oceanic climate and the influence of the warm north-atlantic flow create favorable conditions for the development of agriculture (in the south-west plants vegetate round year). High alumina of soil is an important factor in increasing the yield of crops.

Rivers under the conditions of the British climate are many times. The largest are - Thames, Severn, Trent, Mercey.

Very large value of the estuary of rivers far away in land, as well as general big slices coastline. This made it possible to create many ports. Rivers as a source of energy are used only in Nagorna Scotland and North Wales.

In general, the country does not have significant mineral reserves, with the exception of fuel and energy. Stone coal reserves are estimated in 190-200 billion tons. General and recoverable reserves make up about 50 billion tons (first place in Western Europe). The main deposits are located on the mid-Scottish lowland.

In the 60s, oil fields were found on the shelf of the North Sea, the explored reserves are estimated at 2.4 billion tons, this is approximately 35% of oil reserves of the entire North Sea shelf (2% of world stocks). Found about 50 deposits, large among them - Brent and Fortis together give 33% of the total production.

In the western part of the North Sea in 1959, large deposits of natural gas found. In 1965, 70 km. To the east of Klintorps, industrial production of gas was launched. The total reserves are estimated at 1.2 trillion. cube m. Currently, 37 of the 60 natural gas deposits are being developed.

The United Kingdom has both other minerals. Iron ores, mostly phosphorous, low quality

The United Kingdom has insignificant reserves of tin in Cornwall, lead-zinc ores in Wales and uranium ores in Scotland.

Kaolin is mined in Cornwall; Stone Salt - in Cheshire and Durham; Potash salts - in Yorkshire.

Population of Great Britain. The main productive force of society is the population. In 2000, the total population of Great Britain amounted to 58.6 million people, the natural population growth - 0.1% per year.

The dominant and most numerous nation of the UK - the British; They make up 80% of the population (about 46.9 million people). Inhabited by England itself, most of Wales and form compact settlements in some areas in southern Scotland. English language It is included in the northwestern group of Germanic languages. In the English language, the majority of the Celtic Country of the Country in origin - Scots and Walessets.

From the Celtic peoples of Great Britain, the plaid is the most numerous, the number of which exceeds 5.1 million people (10%). They inhabit predominantly northwestern areas of the island of the United Kingdom and the Scottish, Orkney and Hebrid Islands adjacent to their coast.

The basis of the Scottish language served as one of the northern dialects of the Anglo-Diak language. A lot of words came to the Scottish language from Gael's displaced, in addition, the influence of Scandinavian languages \u200b\u200baffected it.

From XV to XVII century. He was the state language of the Scottish state. With the loss of Scotland of its independence, Scottish is gradually displaced by English.

In recent years, a national movement has acquired a large scale in Scotland. The nationalist ideas of this movement develops the Scottish National Party established in 1928, which is struggling for the democratic solution of the social and national problems of Scotland.

The historical fate and the ethnic development of Walessers (about 2.1 million people, less than 4% of the total population) were different than the Scots.

Wales was early conquered by the British; Its population has undergone greater assimilation than the Scots.

Over the years, there is a fierce struggle in Northern Ireland, attached to the British state in 1922, while the rest of Ireland has achieved independence. The United Kingdom then includes six counties of nine Irish provinces of Olster. The ethnic composition of the population of this area is heterogeneous. About 500 thousand indigenous inhabitants of the island live here (this is the Irish Catholics) and more than 1 million Anglo-Irish and Scotland Irish. Such a composition of the population has developed here in the XVII - XVIII centuries. In the period of reinforced colonization of Ireland, the English government.

Unlike the rest of Ireland, where the lands were distributed to the large English owners - Landlordam, the land of land were allocated in Olster, the land of small and medium tenants, the British and the Scottishs from the southern part of Scotland.

Thus, in Olster, three groups of people who distinguished themselves in religion and culture were historically developed, and be wary, and sometimes hostile, belonged to each other. The eastern regions of Northern Ireland were busy settlers from Scotland - Presbyterians, the central and northern provinces settled the British, belonging to the English Church, in the extreme western and border with Ireland areas, the remains of the indigenous population lived - Irish, Catholics in their own religion.

Over time between English and Scottish settlers, there was a rapprochement on the basis of common interests, and now they are already opposed to the indigenous Irish Catholics in a single front. Power in Northern Ireland focuses in the hands of this Protestant majority, and the Catholics-Irish are discriminated against in various fields. Very often this in the means mass media It seems like a simple religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants. In fact, the reasons for the struggle in Northern Ireland are a complex node of national, socio-economic and regional contradictions whose roots go into the depths of centuries.

A rather large group of the population (about 500 thousand people) in the UK is the Jews living mainly in London and other major cities.

After the Second World War, due to the large recovery work and development of productivity, the influx of workers from European countries increased in England. Now in the UK there are 1 million immigrants from various European countries, and the total number of foreign citizens in the UK is over 2.5 million people, or less than 5% of the country's total population. In addition, annually comes from 50 to 60 thousand temporary workers from Europe (most of Italy, and now from Eastern Europe). Starting from the 50s, the flow of immigrants from the Commonwealth countries has sharply increased, from the areas of West India, India and Pakistan. The position of this category of citizens is very complex. Most of them are engaged in unqualified work, in service sector, etc.

The increase in the number of immigrants from the former English colonies was the reason for the issues of racial relationships. The government in its special acts is attempted to limit immigration from its former colonies.

The United Kingdom is one of the most densely populated and highly urbanized countries in the world.

On average per 1 square. Km accounted for in 2000, 246.3 people. However, in the territory of the country, the population is distributed very unevenly. The main part of the inhabitants of Great Britain is concentrated in England, which has the most favorable geographical position and favorable natural conditions. Here is the average density of 1 square meters. km more than 356 people. In the belt London - Liverpool lives half the entire population of Great Britain. The most ample areas are located in Scotland with its harsh compared to other parts of the country with natural conditions. The population density is less than 90 people per 1 sq. M. km, and the population is concentrated mainly on the coasts, in the valleys of rivers and lowlands (especially around Glasgow and Edinburgh).

In 2000, 89.4% of the population lived in cities. The growth rates of urban population are 0.4% per year. The so-called English megalopolis, uniting the agglomeration of London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool and other cities, and the total city agglomerations are formed. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe metropolis is 50 thousand square meters. km, population - 30-35 million people.

The average life expectancy is high, men - 75 years old, in women - 80.5 years.

The total number of labor resources is about 30 million people. A positive trend in the economy is that the number of people engaged in physical and unknown labor has decreased, and, on the contrary, has increased the number of people employed demanding high qualifications.

In 2000, the unemployment rate was 6.3% (1812 thousand people).

The share of the population living below the poverty line, according to UN experts, is 10.6%; Living below average income - 50%, 13.1% - have an income - $ 14.4 per day.

Political system. United Kingdom - parliamentary monarchy. There is no constitution in the country in the form of a single basic law. Constitutional importance has legislative acts adopted by Parliament, judicial precedents.

The head of state - Queen Elizabeth II (from 6.02.1952), which belongs to the Hannover Dynasty of English Monarchs, is the 40th British Monarch since the conquest of England Normans (1066). The Queen is considered the supreme carrier of the executive, the head of the judicial system, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, the secular head of the Anglican Church, has the formal right to convene parliament at the session, to dissolve the community chamber, authorize the bills adopted by Parliament, ratify international treaties. However, in practice, all major royal prerogatives are carried out by the Cabinet of Ministers and Parliament.

The state legislature is a parliament consisting of two chambers. In the House of Lords, there are about 1,200 hereditary and lifelong peers, lords - judges on appeals and "spiritual lords" (two archbishops and 24 bishops, the English Church) and the highest appellate court. The House of Commons is a selection body, consisting of 649 deputies elected for five years on the majority system of the relative majority direct and secret ballot based on universal election law.

In the absence of the Constitution and on the situation of "parliamentary sovereignty", the parliament is not related to the decisions taken earlier and may cancel the acts of constitutional importance. British courts are deprived of the right to revise or cancel the acts of parliament and are obliged to apply not provisions arising from the international legal obligations of the UK, but the norms of parliamentary status.

As a result of general elections in May 1997, the absolute majority in the House of Communities received the Labor Party (418 seats). Conservatives - 165 seats, liberal Democrats - 46, Unionist Party of Olster - 10, Scottish National Party - 6 and Wales National Party - 4.

The government is formed by the party leader who received most places in the community chamber. In 1997, the Prime Minister was Tony Blair. Laborists changed the conservatives who were in power permanently 18 years.

Political parties. The conservative party was organizationally formed in 1867 (about 1.5 million members). Inside the country, the party conducted a course on broad social and economic reforms, including decentralization and privatization of the economy. In foreign policy plan for conservatives, the general approach to solving international problems is characteristic. The party shares the concept of "nuclear containment", advocates the preservation of "special relations" with the United States, for the modernization of the United Kingdom's nuclear potential, for the continuation of the country's membership in NATO and the EU. According to European integration in the ranks of conservatives, discrepancies are kept, which complicated passing through the parliament of the Maastricht agreements, regarded by a majority in the party's leadership as a decent compromise, taking into account the British national interests.

The Labor Party of Great Britain (LPV) was formed in 1890, unites 6.4 million collective and individual members. As an ideological basis, the principles of "Democratic Socialism" put forward, the concept of a mixed economy is committed to economic policy.

The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) was formed in 1988 by the merger of the Liberal and Social Democratic Parties, which since 1981 performed on the political arena in the Alliance, unites about

60 thousand people. The political platform of the LDP - Centristian, largely compromise (between the two main parties) and blurry. Its main components: the need to preserve the United Kingdom of nuclear weapons and country membership in NATO. In the internal issues of the LDP, the intermediate line also follows, advocates the fight against unemployment, the priority solution of social problems, the termination of further denationalization, but in general, makes a bet on the market economy and the development of competition.

Ministry of Common and Vocational Education

Sverdlovsk region

State educational institution

primary vocational education

Professional school for training workers

Economic and geographic

characteristic of the country

United Kingdom

abstract

Executor:

Telitsyn M.M.

pupils of Group number 21

Leader:

geography teacher

Khorzov T.V.

Yekaterinburg

Introduction ......................................................................... ... 3

1. Surface, borders, position of the country .............................. .... 4

2.Realous conditions and resources ................................................ 5

3. Settlement ........................................................................ .7.

4.Other and industry ............................................. ... 8

5. Selling economy ............................................................ .11

6.Transport ........................................................................ .12.

7.Naught and finance ..............................................................................13

8.Tery and tourism ................................................................... 15

9. Environment and environmental problems ............ .... 18

Conclusion ........................................................................ .19

Appendix 1 ......................................................................20

Appendix 2 ......................................................................21

Appendix 3 ....................................................................................22

Appendix 4 ......................................................................23

Appendix 5 ....................................................................................24

References ............................................................... 25

Introduction

I chose the theme "The Economic and Geographical Position of Great Britain" because it is the Great Britain to me closer to all other countries, of course not counting Russia. I would like to visit this country, its cultural places and learn more about her than my superficial knowledge.

To write an abstract on this topic, you need to study four sources in which the Great Britain's position is fairly accurate. And on the basis of these sources, it is necessary, on the issues raised, to show the current position of the country and conclude its condition.

1. Territory, borders, position of the country

United Kingdom (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) - This is an improper form archipelago with a very diverse landscape and nature. The United Kingdom Square is about 240,842 square meters. km. Most of the land is sushi, and the rest is rivers and lakes. England Square is 129,634 square meters. km, Wales - 20,637 square meters. KM., Scotland - 77 179 square meters. km. and Northern Ireland - 13,438 square meters. km. The southern tip of the UK island of the Cornwall Peninsula - is located 50 ° C.Sh., and the northernmost part of the Shetland Islands archipelago - at 60 ° S.Sh. The length of the island of the United Kingdom from north to south is 966 km, and its greatest width is half smaller. The United Kingdom has a complex administrative and territorial division. It consists of 4 historical and geographic areas: England (45 counts and a special administrative unit - Big London). Wales (8 counts); Northern Ireland (26 districts); Scotland (12 regions); Independent administrative units are the island of Man and the Norman Islands. From the west, the United Kingdom is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and from the east - the waters of the North Sea. From the south, the United Kingdom borders with France - the nearest and most developed neighbor having common water borders with it. The smallest distance to the northern coast of France is the Strait of the DUVR, but the main message between states is carried out through the strait of La Mans, called the British "English Channel", along the bottom of which at the end of the twentieth century was laid a tunnel for high-speed rail. Prior to this, the message between the two countries was carried out by aqueous or air. Also closest neighbors of the UK are Belgium and the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Norway are significantly further located. Thus, EGP of Great Britain is both neighbor and Primorsky, which is extremely beneficial for the country's economic development, although it has some mines in strategic and militarily.

2. Natural conditions and resources UK climate is temperate, oceanic, very wet with soft winter and non-quiet summer. For the British Isles are characterized by frequent fogs and strong winds. The temperate oceanic climate and the influence of the warm north-atlantic flow create favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. The average temperature of the coldest month - January - does not fall below +3.5 degrees even in the extreme north-east of Great Britain, and in the south-west reaches +5.5 degrees. Snow in winter falls throughout the country, but very unevenly. In the mountainous areas of Scotland, snow cover is held at least 1-1.5 months. In the south of England, and especially in its southwest, the snow falls very rarely and is preserved no more than a week. Here the grass is green all year round. High alumina of soil is an important factor in increasing the yield of crops. Rivers under the conditions of the British climate are many times. The largest are - Thames, Severn, Trent, Mercey. Rivers as a source of energy are used only in the highlands of Scotland. In the UK, there is no wide variety of minerals. The value of coal is especially great, the total reserves of which are 190 billion tons. The largest stocks and mining are distinguished by three pools: Yorkshire, and South Wales. In addition to these three largest coal pools, the pools of Scotland, stretching the chain from Western to, the eastern edge of the mid-Scottish lowland, as well as the Lancashirskaya and West Midland, consisting of a number of small deposits, play an important role. Small outlets of stone coal layers are available on the coast of the Kimberland Peninsula and in the Far Southeast of England - the Kent pool. In the 1960s, oil and gas fields were opened in the Northern Sea's shelf. Large deposits are located close to the shores of the southeast of England and the Northeast of Scotland. The United Kingdom occupies a sixth line of the global oil producer. Oil reserves in the UK reach numbers of 770 million tons. In addition to major energy resources, the United Kingdom has significant stocks of iron ores. But their deposits are distinguished by low content in metal ore (22-33%). The most largest East Midland deposit. Until recently, the United Kingdom with its own iron ore provided half of their needs in this form of raw materials, the rest was bought by importing. Currently, the extraction of low-quality ore turned out to be unprofitable, so prey turned and transferred to the import of high-quality ores from Sweden, Canada, Brazil and a number of African countries. In the UK, small deposits of copper and lead-zinc ores were developed, as well as tin. The deposits are very exhausted and now mining is very small. Minimize a little tungsten. Uranium ores found in Scotland. Of the non-metallic industrial raw materials, the production of kaolin or white clay is essential, as well as a stone salt in Cheshire and Durham and a potash salt in Yorkshire. In the soil cover of the country, a variety of podzolic soils and burzems prevail. The most fertile meadow soils at the Bay of Wash. In general, the soil in the UK is very ferret and give high yields. For the UK, a cultural landscape is characterized. Only in the mountainous areas of the country preserved natural vegetation. In forests, broader breeds predominate (Oak, Grab, Elm, Beech) and only in Scotland - Pine. Nowadays, only 9% of the UK is employed under the forests. However, the country gives the impression of very wooded thanks to the living elevation, which are observed fields and meadows, as well as small forest areas and numerous parks. Only the west coast exposed to the exposure to Western winds carrier salty sea splashes is almost deprived of vegetation. Thus, due to the temperate oceanic climate in the UK, the grass is green all year round, i.e. High soil yield. In the UK, there is no wide variety of minerals, however, some of them played a huge role in the formation of its industrial areas, and now the United Kingdom is more importer than exporter. 3. Population

The total population (according to 2008) - 61,113,205 people. Age structure: up to 14 years - 16.7%, 15-64 - 67.1%, from 65 and older - 16.2%. Middle age men - 39 years old, women - 41 years old. The average composition of the family is 2 children and parents. The number of rural population - 11%, the density of the rural population - 242 people. per 1 km square The total number of economically active population - 29 million people. In cities with the number of residents of St. 100 thousand people Almost half of the country's population lives. The largest in terms of the number of residents of the city: London (6 803,000 people), Birmingham (935,000 people), Glasgow (654,000 people), Sheffield (500,000 people), Liverpool (450,000 people), Edinburgh (421 000 people), Manchester (398,000 people), Belfast (280,000 people). In the UK, the fertility exceeds mortality, the fast birth rate can be traced in the table (Appendix 1) from 1976 to 2009. Aknown residents of the country account for 92% of the population (2001, census), of which:

· British - 83.6%,

· Scots (mainly in Scotland) - 8.5%,

· Welsh (mostly in Wales) - 4.9%,

· Irish (mainly in Northern Ireland, Olterians) - 2.9%.

Immigrants and their children live mainly in the conurbs of Big London, Western Midland and Mersiside. They constitute about 8% of the country's population, including:

• suitations from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh - 3.6%,
• China - 0.4%,
• africa countries - 0.8%,
• dark-skinned leavings from the islands of the Caribbean - 1%

Currently, Monarch - Elizabeth II, which began on the Board on February 6, 1952. Her heir is the eldest son, Prince Charles. Prince Wales spends different ceremonial functions as the Queen's husband, Prince Philip, Duke Edinburgh. In addition, there are several more members of the August family: children, grandchildren and cousins. Thus, the population is growing at the expense of labor immigrants from countries recently entering the European Union, which, after the EU expansion, in May 2004, a free entry was allowed to work into the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, the birth rate in the country still exceeds mortality, although the natural increase is no longer dominated by the increase in the number of British.

4. Economy and Industry

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland occupies a sixth place among the leading countries on the shared scale of economic activity and the largest internal product (GDP). The country's economy is highly monographed: 100 largest TNK control over 50% of the production of industrial products and foreign trade. The industry of Great Britain gives 1/3 gross national product, it accounts for 1/3 of all those employed. It uses mainly imported raw materials, and is increasingly focused on the foreign market. On the one hand, the UK is characterized by the rapid growth of modern industries using progressive production technology and labor organization, the latest equipment and perfect management methods, on the other, the lag of old traditional industries. The largest industrial monopolies of the country - "Imperial Kemikal Industries", or Iki, "Unilever", "British Leiland" and "General Electric Company", in which 200 thousand people are busy. The main part of the industrial enterprises of Great Britain is concentrated in a densely populated industrial belt, including county from London to Lancashir and from West Yorkshire to Gloucestershira. The largest industrial areas outside this belt - South Wales, Northeast of England and the central part of Scotland. In areas where old production and traditional industries developed, became lagging or depressive. This is most of Scotland, Northern Ireland, almost all Wales, the extreme northeast and part of the south-west of England. The main branch of the Great Britain of the Great Britain - coal mining. It has been underway for three centuries. According to the reserves of stone coal, the United Kingdom ranks third in Europe. As for the British oil refining industry, it still depends on the import of crude oil and petroleum products. In the country there are 9 refineries with a total capacity of about 90 million tons per year (in 1999, the refinery of Shell company in Shell-Hayven was closed with a capacity of 4.3 million tons per year). They are located at the mouth of the Thames, in the fouls near Southampton, in South Wales, at the Manchester Canal, in Teesside, Humberside and in Scotland (Greyungmouth). In the British zone of the North Sea, more than 80 gas deposits with explored 2 trillion reserves were found. M 3 and removed - 0.8 trillion. m 3. Gas production began in the mid-60s, 37 deposits are now exploited, 1/2 production gives 7, among them - Lehman Benk, Brent, Morcem. Production volume for 1990-2003 Erected with and up to 103 billion m 3. Foreign trade is insignificant; In 2003, its exports amounted to 15, and imports - 8 billion 3. By laid at the bottom of the North Sea, the gas pipeline gas reaches the eastern coast of the Island of the United Kingdom in the Isington area and Yorkshire. A serious achievement of the British economy is that the entire production and consumer sector is fully secured by electricity. 86% of electricity produced by thermal power plants, 12% - atomic and 2% - hydroelectric power plants. The overwhelming number of TPP works on the corner, but in recent years some of them goes into oil. The largest TPPs (more than 1 million kW) are located on the Trent and near London River. The hydrostating, as a rule, are small, they are mainly located on the Scottish Highlands. The development of iron ore is carried out in a relatively narrow belt, which begins at the city of Scuntorp in Yorkshire in the north and stretches through the entire East Midland to the city of Bubbery in the south. Ruda here is low quality, silica and contains only 33% of the metal. The need for iron ore is covered by importing from Canada, Liberia and Mauritania. Big development received ferrous metallurgy.
To date, the United Kingdom takes the eighth place in the world of cast iron and steel smelting. The State Corporation "British Styl" produces almost all steel for the country. 4 metallurgical areas have been preserved, of which only one is located in the center of the country: Sheffield Rother, with his specialization in high-quality steel and electric utilities, the rest - on the coast in ports (in South Wales - Port Tolbot, Llanven, in Humbersay - De - Skantelp , in Teesside - Redcar). In mechanical engineering - the largest branch of the British industry has 1/4 of all employed in the manufacturing industry. The industry accounts for 40% of conditionally pure production of the manufacturing industry. Transportation of transport engineering. About 1/3 of the capital spent on the manufacture of transport facilities, belongs to American companies that have gained in the British Islands after World War II. Enterprises of this industry are available in almost all areas and in most urban cities. Electrical engineering refers to growing and developing industries, it ranks second among the manufacturing industries in terms of employment. Several very large companies dominate electrical engineering: "General Electric", "Inglish Electric" and "Associated Electrician Industries". The positions of the UK in the production of turbines and electric motors are still quite strong. But the dominant position is now covered by electronics. The most dynamically develops the production of computing equipment, but the main positions here occupies American capital, and in the production of consumer electronics - Japanese. British firms are traditionally strong in the production of radio-electronic equipment (radars, radio transmitters) and communications. Airtensification of the same fastest growing industries of Great Britain. The State Largest Firm is dominated in this industry - British Airspeis. It specializes in the release of a wide range of different aircraft, helicopters, spacecraft, rockets. Helicopters are produced by another large Westland Erkraft firm. Almost all the production of aircraft workers in the country is concentrated in the hands of the nationalized Rolls-Royce company, which has plants in Derby, Bristol, Coventry, as well as in Scotland. Cooperation with Western European and American companies in the production of civil and military equipment is widely developed. The latest production of the chemical industry also belongs to the number of rapidly developing industries. About 1/3 of the main chemistry products are inorganic chemicals - sulfuric acid, metal oxides and non-metals. Among the many chemical industries, the production of synthetic fibers, various types of plastics, new dyes, pharmaceutical products and detergents began to be highlighted. British chemistry is based on oil and gas raw materials and specializes in a sufficiently limited number of chemical. Traditional industries are also developing, such as textile industry. From the light industry branches, it owns a special role in the industrial development of the country, in the distribution of machine method of production worldwide. Woolen fabrics are produced mainly in West Yorkshire, the production of artificial silk prevails in the Yorkshire city of Sillasden, and cotton fabrics in Lancashire, in small textile cities to the northeast of Manchester. Production of woolen fabrics, products, yarn - the oldest on the British islands. Wool products of British textiles and today are highly appreciated in foreign markets. In the structure of the manufacturing industry, the greatest share has a paper and printing industry (13.9%), food and tobacco (13.8%). The digestive industry over the past half century has become one of the main areas of the concentration of British capital: out of 40 corporations of the country that are part of the club 500 of the largest firms in the world, this industry presents a whole dozen led by Yunilever, Dairejo and Cadbyuri SCWPPS. High competitiveness in the global market have food concentrates, confectionery, drinks (including tea, Scotch whiskey and London Gin), tobacco products. The placement of the largest enterprises is focused on markets, including external. Thus, the United Kingdom occupies a sixth place among countries, on the overall scale of economic activities, the largest GDP and industrial production volumes.

5. Selling economy

In recent decades, the development of agriculture has significantly increased the scientific and technical level and productivity of the National AIC. The country's provision is steadily growing at the expense of local resources, and for the post-war period it rose from 1/3 to 4/5, full self-sufficiency was achieved by such products as milk, high security for eggs, poultry meat, wheat, oats, barley, potatoes; fruits, oil, sugar, cheeses are imported. According to the conditions established in the EU, the imported products have to pay more expensive in comparison with the possibilities of importation of food from the former colonies, which generates constant contradictions between the United Kingdom and other EU members. UK Agriculture is currently one of the most productive and mechanized in the world. The share of employment in the industry is 2% of total employment in the country. The total area of \u200b\u200bagricultural land - 58.3 million hectares (76% of all lands of the country). In the structure of agricultural production prevails - animal husbandry. Dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding, and the pig breeding (bacon fattening), meat sheep and poultry farming are developed. England is one of the largest global sheep wool suppliers. Traditionally, animal husbandry concentrates in river basins. However, the big damage suffered animal husbandry in 2001 due to livestock diseases - at the beginning of the spongy encephalopathy ("cow rabies"), and then a shcher. In crop production, almost 60% of Pashnya is occupied by perennial herbs, over 28% - under the grain crops (including 15% wheat, 11% - barley); 12% - under the technical (rapeseed, sugar beet, flax) and feed crops (including potatoes), as well as vegetable groceries and berries. Basic agricultural areas - East England and Southeast. There are many fruit gardens in the country. Agriculture enjoys great support to the state and receives subsidies from the EU budget. According to such products, like: wheat, barley, oats and pork - production volumes exceed the volume of consumption; According to such as: potatoes, beef, lamb, wool, sugar and egg production below the volume of consumption. Thus, many of the necessary products of Great Britain have to be imported from other countries. They import 4/5 cream oil, 2/3 sugar, half of wheat and bacon, 1/4 beef and veal consumed in the country.

6.Transport

The United Kingdom is an island state, so all its external transportation and trade is related to sea and air transport. About 9/10 of the total cargo turnover falls on sea transport, including 1/4 - on coastal. All the Areas of the UK, except Western Midland, are in one way or another directly related to the marine ports that serve as the main transport hubs. The largest of them are London, Southampton, Liverpool, Gull and Harge, and the London and Liverpool seaports are missing about half of all goods (in charge). The UK continent is connected by the tunnel under the strait of La Mans, two railway ferries (Duzr - Dunkirk and Haridge - Ostend), and numerous sea car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland and France. In domestic freight traffic, road transport plays the greatest role. The main role in domestic transportation is the road transport - 85% of passenger traffic and 81% of cargo transportation. The territory of Great Britain is covered with a dense network of roads. The length of asphalt roads is 406.4 thousand km. Unlike other developed countries in the UK, with a large road density, only 4% are modern highways that attract 36% of transport flows. The most intensive movement along the axial motorway London - Birmingham - Manchester - Glasgow. In London and Glasgow there is a metropolitan. Electrification of railways (1/3 of lines) was carried out to increase competitiveness, expresss for passengers and goods were allowed at the main directions. The government carries out various organizational measures to modernize this type of transport. Falls value river transport. The length of waterways is 3.2 thousand km. Internal waterways (rivers and channels of channels) are used mainly only for recreational purposes. Transportation of goods is carried out mainly within the deep-water esthearies of Mercey, Thames, North, Hambler. Aviation transport is rapidly developing. Since the 1980s Air transportation of passengers and goods increased more than three times. British Erueiz is the leading international airline. There are about 450 civil airports in the country - the largest of them "Heathrow". The network of pipeline transport is rapidly expanding; It is connected to gas pipelines coming from the North Sea deposits; The total length of pipelines is 3.9 thousand km. - Up to 75% of oil goes to a landing on pipelines.

Thus, transport in the UK plays an important role in domestic freight and passenger traffic. So the tunnel under the strait of La Mans with two railway ferries crossings 60-80% of the total population per day.

7.Naught and finance

The contribution of Great Britain to the treasury of world science, primarily in the development of natural and technical sciences. Among the outstanding scientists - physicists, chemists, biologists: I. Newton, R. Boyl, R. Guk, J. Johl, M. Faraday, J. Maxwell, Ch. Darwin, Cavendish, E. Rutinford. The world fame received the works of British philosophers, sociologists, historians, economists: R. Bacon, T. Mora, FR. Bacon, T. Gobbs, I. Bentama, U. Petty, A. Smith, D. Riccardo, J. Mill, R. Owen, T. R. Maltus, A. Marshall, J. M. Keynes, B. Russell. Over 70 scientists are awarded Nobel Prizes. The UK accounts for about 4.5% of global science expenses, 8% of all scientific publications. How significant is the role of science in the United Kingdom, you can make sure that the examples occurred in the field of education. Technical schools and colleges, as well as advanced training programs in other institutions, seek to increase the number of professional scientific personnel. Schools work closely with industry. The Manchester Research Council unites university scientists and members of the Chamber of Commerce. The University of Sheffield is held with industrial importance of research in the field of glass technology, and in Cheshire in the field of radio telescope. In the UK, more than 200 scientific institutions and organizations producing more than 400 periodic scientific publications. As for libraries, let's call the main. Library of the British Museum in London (more than 10 million volumes), a library of the University of Cambridge (more than 3.5 million volumes), the Bodlean library in Oxford (more than 4.5 million volumes), as well as the Scottish National Library in Edinburgh (more than 4 Million volumes), the Wales National Library in the city of Abereyvent (more than 2 million volumes). Copies of all issued books come, in accordance with the law, in the British Museum for Copyright, as well as to other libraries, if they receive requests for these publications. The largest libraries are located at Universities in London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, St. Andrus, Royal (in Belfast), John Rayland (in Manchester), at the Victoria Museum and Albert and the Museum of Natural History. Important meetings of special publications are in the Patent Bureau, in India House, the State Archive, in the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Academy of Theater Art, Royal Music College, the Royal Academy of Music, the Council for Arts, the National Book League, the National Storage of Archives, the Royal botanical GardenInstitute modern history (Wiener Library) and the National Library for Blind. There are about 500 state library councils with more than 40,000 branches and outstanding more than 400 million books per year. The delivery of books on special equipped cars is becoming increasingly popular for remote areas. Book meetings are complemented by a large number of video and audio materials. British companies have reduced their expenses for R & D (research and development work). According to this indicator, the United Kingdom ranks fifth among the seven leading industrial-developed countries. In the field of high technology, British firms are ahead of Japanese and German companies, but are inferior to the United States and France. This provision is caused not only to a decrease in the level of financing developments by the companies themselves, but also by the reduction of support from the state. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry and the Ministry of Finance are developing a joint policy of increasing investment in R & D and to optimize the process of implementing research results in all sectors of the country's economy. The fact of the participation of the Ministry of Finance emphasizes the attention that the government pays to solving this problem. Two ministries are managed by working groups engaged in the restructuring of the process of organizing and financing British R & D. The chief treasury of the Ministry of Finance sponsors a group headed by the director of British Biotek. The Group studies funding R & D in high-tech companies, and, in particular, financing the initial stage of development. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry sponsors the Tech-Starz group, to overcome barriers to the development of small and medium-sized firms in the field of high technologies. The Minister of Science is headed by a working group on the inventive activities and the introduction of inventions in industry. The Working Group on Investment Affairs is headed by Lord Hollik and is engaged in the study of deterrent factors on the way of investment in R & D. All groups include representatives of banking circles, joint capital and firms in the spheres of production and maintenance. Thus, scientific and technological programs aimed at solving pressing issues of industry and society, which include the creation of a promising vehicle of the future are developed and implemented. Reducing the level of pollution large cities country; Creating promising materials for industry; genetic and environmental balance of human health; Integrated approach to aging problems. And the role of science in the UK is very significant.

8.Teady and tourism

For most visits in the UK, a reusable visitor visitor is issued, for a period of 6 months. In some cases, the visa visitor can be issued for a single visit. Citizens of Russia, thanks to the concession on the immigration rules of the United Kingdom, may not receive a transit visa and get out of the transit zone of the airport, if staying on the territory of the UK is not more than 24 hours. In the cooking, the British are also committed to traditions, as in many ways. The day of the British for centuries begins with a traditional breakfast: scrambled eggs with fried bacon, fried tomatoes, mushrooms, sausages and blood sausage. Currently, oatmeal and cornflakes are more often served. After breakfast, you will definitely be waiting for tea and a twirled toast with an orange jam. Lunch, or a second breakfast, serve in half the second, and then follows tea or light lunch at 5 o'clock and dinner at 7. Snacks and sandwiches are very popular - triangular sandwiches have become one of numerous English traditions. From the first dishes are widespread soups and broths, but they rarely serve them, they are not an integral part of daily meals. Spices and herbs are very rarely used. The British eat a lot of meat: beef, veal, lamb, pork. It is baked entirely with blood or cut into steaks and fried in a pan. Movie will certainly serve gravy (gravy), baked vegetables (usually, potatoes) and picked. Beer is especially popular from the hints - black el and porter, and barrel beer, as well as whiskey, gin, brandy, rum, port, is especially valued. Placement in the UK is divided into three types:

• Hotel is a hotel where complete accommodation service is provided;
• B & B and Inn - Guest accommodation providing the necessary service for overnight stays and breakfast;
• Motel - budget or roadside hotels, informal accommodation options with a very limited set of services. managed by private entrepreneurs and have limited opportunities For businessmen.

In addition to star, hotels (Hotel) can be assigned specifying names. Metrohotel (Metro-Hotel). It does not offer hot nutrition to guests, but should be held within walking distance from public catering. CountryhouseHotel (countryside home hotel). At the hotel should have a small park or garden - secluded and quiet. Smallhotel (mini-hotel). The maximum number of rooms is 20. Usually such hotels are managed by private entrepreneurs and have limited opportunities for businessmen. The main sights of England and the UK are located, of course, in London, where, for example, in the City district, tradition and modernity were connected. And also in the capital of Scotland - Edinburgh. Big Ben ( Appendix 1) is a clock of a huge size that stand on the Tower of St. Stephen. These watches located on the Tower of Parliament of the United Kingdom are recognized by the sound and hear all over the world, because their fight is transmitted on the radio Air Force Hospital. In Big Ben to tourists, the entrance is prohibited to get to the very top of the ninety-six-meter tower in a very narrow screw staircase. Having passed all three hundred thirty-four steps, you can get into a small open area, it is here that the legendary bell is located. Big Ben is one bell. In height, it is more than two meters, its diameter is three meters. British museum (Appendix 2) - British Library, reading room of the British Museum, which is a huge room of a cylindrical form. All walls of this room are tired by books. Buckingham Palace (Appendix 3) - The Buckingham Palace is located opposite the marble gilded monument to Queen Victoria in front of the street Pal Mall. If the queen is located in the palace, the royal flag can be on the roof of the palace. At the request of the ancestor of the Queen, King George IV Palace was built on the architectural project of John Nash. The price of construction reached a seven pounds due to the mass of excesses of this kind, such as five hundred marble blocks with bodies from Carrara Edinburgh castle (Appendix 4) Edinburgh Castle is located in the very center of the city, so he is visible from everywhere. None of the passing tourists can pass by. Because the castle has a huge height. But besides entertainment, it attracts its age and historical meaning. Stonehenge. The giant construction in the center of Europe - Stonehenge is a stone riddle. In general, Stonehenge is a giant construction, including 82 five-toned megalith, 30 stone blocks of 25 tons and 5 huge trilites weighing 50 tons. Stone blocks are composed in the form of arches pointing to the sides of the world. Until recently, scientists believed that this construction was erected in 3100 to our era tribes of the British islands in order to observe the Sun and the Moon. But recently this idea is revised. Parks London - This is a special landmark, which is a green spot in the very center of the city, having an area of \u200b\u200bmore than three hundred hectares. The huge size of the parks, their length creates the illusion of the untouched landscape of nature, the situation is created, which joins the contrast with the soupurbanistic landscape of the city. The value of parks to restore the atmosphere of the center of London is huge, therefore they are called "Light London". Museum Z. Freud. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, lived since 1938 in this house with his family after escape from Austria from the Nazi regime. Until 1982, Freud's younger daughter lived here, also psychoanalyst. Now the Museum and Research Center are located simultaneously. Tower of London. In the book that is dedicated to the nine hundred student of the Tower, Duke Edinburgh wrote: "London Tower was a fortress, and a palace, and a repository of royal jewelry, and arsenal, and a mint, and a prison, and an observatory, and a zoo, and a place attracting tourists. " Ferris wheel (Londoneye) is a large, the world's highest ferris wheel. Such a gift to Londoners and guests of the city was made by 2000. There are 32 cabins in the ferris wheel, each of which is designed for 25 people, the full turn of the wheel is performed in half an hour. The construction of a huge ferris wheel financed "Britishairlways". From a height of one hundred and thirty-five meters, a wonderful view of London opens, with a favorable weather you can see the city with surroundings within a radius of forty kilometers. Saint Cathedral Paul - This is the residence of the Bishop of London, as well as the spiritual center of City. Architect Sir Christopher Ren led the observation of the construction of the Cathedral from the windows of his house, which was located on the opposite bank of the river. From there, he was visible on top of the hill Ludgate. The construction of this masterpiece continued for thirty-five years. House Sherlock Holmes. Constructed in 1815. The British government announced its architectural and historical monument to the second category. From 1860 until 1934, the house was a private ownership, there was a guesthouse here, but with the acquisition of a building by international society, it became the home of Sherlock Holmes. Windsor Palace - This castle, which is visible from the Windsor Park, the great people were very romantic. To the left of it - the round tower. Architect Jeffrey Whitville for his creation in 1828 was awarded the work of him in the class of knights. Westminster Abbey – His beauty was carefully created by different generations of the members of the royal family, starting with Eduard confessor, who climbed the throne in 1040. It is a pity that the church erected was consecrated only in 1065, when the king weakened and could not attend the consecration ceremony. The following year, the coronation of Wilhelm-Conqueror was held on the church in the church. Thus, in the UK, tradition and modernity, traditions in cooking, religion and cultural values, and modernity in education, education of young generations and social development are connected.

9. Environment and Environmental Problems

To date, at the last stage of implementation there is a three-year project to create a database of building materials. The project was supported by 24 trading organizations involved in the production and supply of building materials, and is aimed at improving their quality, functioning period and check how much they meet the principles of energy saving, environmental protection and human health. Latest sociological studies show about 70% of respondents believe that the state of the medium in their residential premises requires improvement. Therefore, the Institute of Construction is going to publish recommendations for construction companies, how they can improve the quality of buildings and their compliance with environmental requirements. In order to attract construction firms to participate in this important to all, the Institute plans to publish the book "Environment. Competition. Profit", which will include data on all firms that are seriously related to environmental protection. Evictory seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions . According to the obligations under the Kyoto Protocol, the country has already reduced emissions by 12.5% \u200b\u200bcompared with 1990 and plans to reach 20% in 2010. It is planned that by 2015 33% of household waste will be recycled or used as fertilizers. For the period from 1999 to 2000, the processing of household waste increased from 8.8% to 10.3%. The United Kingdom ratified such international agreements: "On environmental protection", "On air pollution" (nitrogen oxides, sulfur, organic compounds), "On the protection of Antarctica's natural environment", "On the conservation of Antarctica marine resources". "Antarctic Treaty", "On Biodiversity", UN Framework Convention "On Climate Changes", Kyoto Protocol "On Desertification", "On Hazardous Waste", Maritime Convention, Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons Testing, "On Whale Protection" and others. Thus, signing the above agreements and agreements to the United Kingdom seeks to reduce and partial destruction of the environmental problem.

Conclusion

This abstract is written using four sources, having studied which I can conclude that now the United Kingdom is a highly developed state, one of the world's leading powers. In terms of industrial production, it ranks fifth in the world after the United States, Japan, Germany and France. But it has not yet done. Mining is being made in Britain, the development of new production methods of the latter. Due to the fact that Britain is an island state, it also remains one of the largest marine powers. Thanks to its economic and geographical position, there are still development options in the UK. This country can only develop and improve its position in the world.

Appendix 1

1-1976; 2-1998; 3-2004; 4-2005; 5-2007; 6-2009 year

Appendix 2.

Appendix 3.

Appendix 4.

Appendix 5.

List of references:

1 .internet "Big Soviet Encyclopedia". Chief editor. I.Vavilov. State Scientific Publishing House "Big Sovetskalcyclopedia". Volume number 7. 1951.2.InterTernet asset "Countries of the World". 1976. Moscow. Pubhouse Publishing Literature.3.Internetentic clopedia for children. "Avanta +". Volume 13. "Countries. Peoples. Civilization. .1999.

Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia
1979.- C.204.

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MOU "Oschepkovskaya Secondary General School"

Characteristic of the United Kingdom

Performed: Rogaleva Marina

11th grade student

Lecturer: Mayshev A.N.

r. p. Pyshma - 2011

State device

United Kingdom - parliamentary monarchy. Formally, the country rules the monarch (since 1952 - Queen Elizabeth II), but actually the highest legislative body - parliament, which includes the Queen, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Communities is a nationwide meeting, elected once every five years. Lords Chamber - Aristocrats, Prince of Blood, Crown Pears.

Position in relation to neighboring countries

The country is located on the British Islands from the North-West Coast of Continental Europe, is traditionally called (named the largest island) of Great Britain, and by the name of the historical part - England. It is officially referred to as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The UK surrounds the Atlantic Ocean with northern and from the west. Through the expanses of this ocean, this country "is adjacent" with Iceland in the north.

From the east of the coast of "Misty Albion" washed the water of the North Sea. Neighboring countries from this side are Denmark, the Netherlands and Belgium.

The closest country-neighbor is France. It borders with the UK with south side And separated from the coast of the United Kingdom of the Strait of La Mans.

In the West, the United Kingdom is separated from the main part of Ireland Irish Sea and the Strait of St. George.

Natural conditions

The climate of the United Kingdom is very soft. The softness of the climate is due mainly by the influence of the north-Atlantic flow (continuation of the golfstrum), bringing warm water to the west coast of Europe. Western transfer of winds prevails on these latitudes, and thus, from the Atlantic Ocean in the summer there is a cool, and in winter - warm air.

Although the temperature differences are very small, winter on the west coast of the United Kingdom is warmer than on East. Winters are becoming less favorable as it moves to the north along the east coast, where duckwater wet winds are blowing from the Cold North Sea.

Frost and snow are not unusual phenomena, especially at large altitudes, however, on lowlands in the usual winter, temperatures below 0 ° C are held only 30-60 days a year, and snow is only 10-15 days. In London, the snow lies on Earth for about 5 days a year.

In the usual years, all areas of the United Kingdom falls enough precipitation for the conduct of agricultural work, and in some mountainous areas they are even redundant. Seasonal and annual precipitation fluctuations are insignificant, drought is rare.

Pretty cloudy weather prevails, since most of the precipitation falls in the form of constantly drizzling rains, and not showers, and the sun does not show many days a year.

On these latitudes, summer days are long, and winter is very short. The shortage of sunlight depends rather from solid clouds than from the fogs. Wet raw fog fixed in London on average 45 days a year, mainly in January and February, and in most ports there are from 15 to 30 foggy days every year, and the fog can paralyze for a couple more and more days all the movement of transport.

Natural resources

The valuable natural fossils in the UK are not so much. Once the most important mining of iron ore has now decreased almost to zero. Other economically important mineral ores include lead, the extraction of which satisfies the needs of the economy only half, and zinc. There are many other resources, such as chalk, lime, clay, sand, gypsum.

On the other hand, the United Kingdom has large reserves of energy resources, including oil, natural gas and coal than any of the countries of the European Community.

The opening of oil deposits in the North Sea led to the rapid development of the oil industry. From the beginning of work in 1975, the number of oil produced annually increases every year, which made the UK almost self-sufficient in terms of oil consumption, and even its exporter. With an average production level of 2.6 million barrels per day, the United Kingdom occupies a sixth place of the world oil producer. Oil reserves in the UK reach numbers of 770 million tons. United Kingdom Device Population Economy

With the beginning of natural gas production in 1967, coal in cities were gradually replaced with gas, and a gas pipeline was built throughout the country. The natural gas reserves are estimated within 22.7 trillion cubic feet.

Population

According to the first census of the Great Britain, conducted in 1801, the population of England and Wales amounted to almost 9 million people, and Scotland - more than 1, 5 million throughout the 19th century. The population increased annually by 1-1.5%, but in the 20th century. His height slowed down, and by the mid-1970s almost stopped.

Birth rate and mortality

During the 1970s, the birth rate in the United Kingdom decreased and reached the mortality rate. From the birth level of 1969, which was 16.7 people per thousand inhabitants, he fell in 1977 to 11.8. However, in subsequent years, the birth rate slowly increased.

Age structure of the population

Due to the low mortality in the 1930s, and then from the end of the 1950s, the proportion of the population of the active age was relatively small - in the 1980s it was only about 63%, and an even greater decline was expected. The share of children under 16 had only 22%. Older people, especially in the age category after 85 years, significantly increased their share in the total population. Their number has grown in absolute values. Today, 9 million British live in Britain, whose age is equal to or exceeding 65 years.

Prisonpopulation and density

If you exclude a large London, the southern coast of England and the territory around Belfast, it can be safely argued that most citizens of the United Kingdom live in cities arising from coal developments. Approximately 90% of the population lives in the city, more than one resident of the three lived in one of the eight city regions, which the British are called " big cities"(i.e. with cities with suburbs). Each such megapolis occurs on the basis of a large city; with the exception of London, they are all located next to large coal basins.

In the UK, 9 densely populated areas are allocated. Big London with the center in London is the political, trade, financial and cultural capital of the United Kingdom; His population is estimated by about 7 million people. In West Midlands, such a megapolis is a Birmingham and a "black country", the area of \u200b\u200bmetalworking and light industry. The County of Lancashire with two megalopolis - Merseiside (Valley of the Mercy River) and Big Manchester - is located in the north-western end of the densely populated belt, passing through the diagonal through England from London through Birmingham.

In the lowland part of Scotland is the capital of Edinburgh and the industrial area of \u200b\u200bCentral Klaidside, with the center in Glasgow. The valleys of River Lahan and Bann in Northern Ireland are located around Belfast - a modern industrial city and the capital of Northern Ireland. South Wales is a coal and industrial area, where people live in small towns elongated along deep narrow coal seal valleys. On the south shore from Portsmouth to Eastbourne there are resorts and recreation areas, as well as important port cities of Southampton and Portsmouth.

At the opposite end of the densely populated regions there are almost uncomplicated territories - most of the central Wales, the Northern Pennic Mountains and the Lake Territory, the southern coast and the mountain range.

Farm

United Kingdom - highly developed industrial country (share of GDP: industry 24.1%, agriculture 1.8%), which in the international division of labor acts as a supplier of industrial products. However, the economic role of Great Britain in modern world It is determined not only industrial, but also banking, insurance, ship-freight and other commercial activities.

For the development of the Great Britain's economy, the export of industrial goods and exports of the "services" of the capitalist world, which together give 26% of the gross national product together. An important article of income of British international monopolies was and remains export of capital to other countries.

With the reorientation of the British industry to the latest industries for its development, the foreign market began to play a big role, the cheaper workforce. Recently, this market British monopolies are found in developed capitalist countries, whose share in the export of British capital exceeded 3/5. The export of capital of Great Britain to developing countries is still large: it accounts for almost half of the capital of the Western European states exported to these countries. At the same time, foreign monopoly contributions to the Great Britain economy are rapidly growing.

The United Kingdom remains a large, rich country with a high level of both economics and farms. The UK remains one of the main exports of capital in developing countries (mainly to the Persian Gulf countries and Foreign Europe). The country continues to take one of the first places in the world at the level of the economy.

Industry

The most important industrial sectors are engineering, food industry (including non-alcoholic and alcoholic production), tobacco and chemical industries, paper and printing industries, light industry. Chemical, Forest, Furniture, Rubber Industry and Plastic Production are the fastest developing industry sectors. Inside the chemical industry, the pharmaceutical industry was especially actively developed. Food and light industry, as well as mechanical engineering in general, work below average.

The largest industrial areas of Great Britain, it is the mid-Scottish (in the north of the country), South Wales (West Coast). Industrial areas such as London, Midland, Northeast, Lankashir, are within the borders of the "Central Axis" of the Development, where about half of the entire economic potential of the region are concentrated.

Agriculture

In agriculture of Great Britain, only about 3% of the country's operating population is employed. The United Kingdom produces half of agricultural products consumed by its population. Completely provided need for barley, oats, potatoes, poultry, pork, eggs and fresh milk. However, many important products of the United Kingdom have to be imported from other countries. They import 4/5 cream oil, 2/3 sugar, half of wheat and bacon, 1/4 beef and veal consumed in the country.

The natural conditions of Great Britain are more favorable for the development of animal husbandry than agriculture. Livestock and crop production are given by 65% \u200b\u200band 23% of the cost of agricultural products of the country. Mostly animal farms are located in the western, more wet part of the UK island. England is one of the largest global sheep wool suppliers.

The most important cereals are wheat, oats, rye (mostly the northern eastern regions of distribution). A significant part of cereals goes to the proximity of livestock, however the rest goes to the production of bread, cereals, etc. In animal husbandry, cattle is most important.

Transport

Since the United Kingdom is an island state, all its external transportation and trade are related to sea and air transport. About 90% of the total cargo turnover falls on sea transport.

All the Areas of the UK, except Western Midland, are in one way or another directly related to the marine ports that serve as the main transport hubs. The largest of them are London, Southampton, Liverpool, Gul and Harge, and the London and Liverpool seaports skip about half of all goods.

In the past, more passengers arrived in the UK than the air. However, since the early 1960s, the number of air passengers began to grow rapidly and soon twice the number of arriving in the sea. Air transportation also increases with air transport. There are about 150 passenger airports in the country. The United Kingdom is connected by permanent airlines with almost 100 countries of the world. The five largest airports of the country are located in the area of \u200b\u200bLondon (Heathrow and Gatvik), as well as Manchester, Lutona and Glasgow - provide 3/4 of all transportation of passengers and airlors.

The UK continent is connected by two railway ferries (Duzr-Dunkirk and Harge-Ostend), and numerous marine car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland and France. Also with France, the United Kingdom is connected with the help of Eurotonnel under La Mansha - railway-tunnel, about 51 km long, of which are 39 km under the strait of La Mans. Thanks to the tunnel, it was possible to visit London, going from Paris, just 2 hours 15 minutes; In the tunnel of the train are from 20 to 35 minutes.

In domestic freight traffic, road transport plays the greatest role. He is more than 3 times (in ton-kilometers) is inferior to the railway and how many times - coat. In connection with the development of vehicles, more than 11 thousand km of railway tracks were shot.

At the same time, the network of highways is expanding and their reconstruction occurs. By the length of highways per unit Square, United Kingdom ranks fourth place in the world. At the same time, she still has few modern highways, and the roads remain the most overloaded in the world.

Major Economic Areas

Under the conditions of development in the UK, the southeast is sharply different - the so-called "Green England" - and the rest of the territory, where the industrial revolution 18B. Created major foci of industry on the basis of coal and iron ore resources.

Southeast England of Ponyna remains the most agricultural part of the country. The industrial role of Southeast England has grown significantly. She became one of the most important areas of the concentration of new industries. In large London there is a significant number of enterprises of heavy industry-electrical, automotive, chemical, etc., focused in the suburbs. Southeast England Agriculture specialized in supply for London meat, milk, vegetables and fruits.

Southeast England includes mountainous Pershes Cornwall - one of the most important areas of milk animal husbandry, developing on the basis of large juicy pastures. Cornwall is mined tin and kaolin.

On the shore of La Mansa is Plymouth - the military and shopping port and the shipbuilding center forms one whole with devonor. The largest city and port of Southwestern England Bristol is a significant aircraft and food industry.

To the north of the "Green England" there are areas of heavy industry (coal mining, metallurgy, heavy engineering) and old areas of the textile industry. They start from the strip of coal and iron ore deposits, which focusing the southern spurs of Pennin.

Midland is an industrial area located on the central plain, the oldest focus of the coal metallurgical and machine-building industry.

Birmingham is the largest center of the military, automotive, aircraft, electrical industry, car and steam-building, production of high-quality steel, alloys and metal products.

Wales - High-aloying Peninsula in the West of Great Britain, abundant sheep pastures. In the valleys and on the coast, dairy livestock and gardening are developed. South Wales is one of the most important areas of the coal industry, as well as the area of \u200b\u200bblack and non-ferrous metallurgy (in particular the production of white wool) and the chemical industry.

North England is the most industrial part of the country. It has 3 large industrial areas - Lancashirsky, Yorkshire and Northeast and less large Cumberman. All of them were formed on the basis of coal deposits. Lancashire, together with the adjacent parts of County Cheshire and Derbishir, is the largest area of \u200b\u200bthe cotton industry.

Scotland. On the mid-school lowland, the area of \u200b\u200bthe coal and metalworking industry is located; The center of it is Glasgow with shipbuilding shipyards, engineering plants, chemical and textile enterprises. In the eastern part of the mid-Scottish lowland, along with the coal mining, the light industry is developed. Large cities are located here - Edinburgh (the administrative center of Scotland) and Dundee. North and South Scotland are backward, rare-populated mountain areas where large areas are busy under pastures for sheep and hunting reserves. On the coast - fishing ports, the most important of them - Aberdeen. In South Scotland, in the pool r. Twid developed production of woolen fabrics.

Northern Ireland occupies the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland. Several crops and flax crops are common here, dairy animals and gardening are developed. The main industrial city and the port of Belfast is the center of shipbuilding and the production of linen canvas.

Foreign economic relations

The turnover of foreign trade increased almost four times. On the one hand, the export of capital has doubled, on the other hand, the contributions of foreign monopolies to the Great Britain economy are rapidly growing. The United Kingdom has large capital investments abroad (about 20 billion ft.), The main part of which falls in the countries of the Commonwealth, which have large stocks of raw materials. At the same time, the American, West German and Japanese monopolies penetrate into the former English colonies, and private American capital occupies a strong position in the economy of the Britain itself.

In the global exports of highly developed countries, the United Kingdom takes 5th place. Almost four times increased "invisible exports". Most of the cost of exports are accounted for by manufacturing products: cars, airplanes, metal products, electrical equipment, chemical products, synthetic fabrics, steel and textiles. Export: machines and equipment, oil and petroleum products, products of the chemical industry.

The country continues to import natural rubber, phosphorites, almost all non-ferrous and rare metals, more than half of iron ore, as well as cotton, sulfur, wool.

However, in general, the United Kingdom's dependence on imports of raw materials decreases due to the reorientation of the domestic industry into modern industries and, in particular, with the further development of chemistry and the use of substitutes and local raw materials.

Major foreign trade partners: EU countries, USA, Japan. From the countries of the Commonwealth, the United Kingdom exports many useful minerals (oil, metals.), From the US and Japan - machines and equipment, products of the chemical industry.

General conclusion

UK today is a country with a highly developed, strong and independent economy. Now the United Kingdom is a highly developed state, one of the world's leading powers. In terms of industrial production, it ranks fifth in the world after the United States, Japan, Germany and France. But this is not the limit. Mining is being made in Britain, the development of new production methods of the latter. Due to the fact that Britain is an island state, it also remains one of the largest marine powers.

Thanks to its EGP, there are still development options in the UK. This country can only develop and improve its position in the world.

Posted on Allbest.ru.

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